Decision Making Process

Everybody Must Make Up Their Own Mind About Their

Everybody Must Make Up Their Own Mind About Their Everybody Must Make Up Their Own Mind About Their Everybody Must Make Up Their Own Mind About Their By Maeve Maddox The DWT Forum is enjoying a lively discussion of the problem of what do do about the political need to make writing gender neutral without writing such ugly constructions as s/he, he/she, he or she. Some readers still support the use of he in a general sense as was the practice until it came to be seen as a mark of patriarchal oppression. Others defend the use in the title of this post as having historical precedent. In general we recognize that using their with a singular antecedent is wrong, but we instinctively want to do it. Does that make us bad writers or bad people? Of course not. The use of their with a singular antecedent drives grammarians wild, but it is a living impulse in the language and it will triumph. Heres what the OED has to say about it: [their is] [o]ften used in relation to a singular n. or pronoun denoting a person, after each, every, either, neither, no one, every one, etc. Also so used instead of ‘his or her’, when the gender is inclusive or uncertain. (Not favoured by grammarians.) And here are a few examples the OED gives from the works of writers whose quality of writing is not usually denied: 1749 FIELDING Tom Jones VII. xiv, Every one in the House were in their Beds. 1771 GOLDSM. Hist. Eng. III. 241 Every person..now recovered their liberty. 1845 SYD. SMITH Wks. (1850) 175 Every human being must do something with their existence. 1848 THACKERAY Vanity Fair xli, A person cant help their birth. 1858 BAGEHOT Lit. Studies (1879) II. 206 Nobody in their senses would describe Grays ‘Elegy’ as [etc.]. 1898 G. B. SHAW Plays II. Candida 86 Its enough to drive anyone out of their senses. I have to confess that Im one of those writers who rewrites such sentences by putting everything into the plural, but I may pull in my horns when it comes to castigating those of my colleagues who decide to go with the flow. The spirit of English has a mind of its own. It despises such grammarian-inspired constructions as It is I. and One never knows, does one? but it doesnt at all mind Many an explorer lost their way. Meanwhile the battle continues in the abodes of English lovers such as DailyWritingTips. Visit the Forum and enter the fray! Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Definitely use "the" or "a"Latin Plural Endingsâ€Å"Least,† â€Å"Less,† â€Å"More,† and â€Å"Most†

The influence of media of Europe and United States America on Middle Essay

The influence of media of Europe and United States America on Middle East and compare the usage - Essay Example Middle East media, particularly in areas of satellite televisions, which eventually raises pertinent questions in regards to the nature and influence of this information explosion. According to Pollack (2011 p.45), tensions between United State and the European Union have been occurring repeatedly since the 2003 Iraq war. It eventually ended up affecting the many areas of the Middle East policy as a result of media coverage. However, none of these states has been able to encapsulate on these tensions as compared to the quest of achieving advanced democracy in the region. The aim of writing this paper is to examine the role of contemporary media coverage, especially television, from both the European and United States America sources on Middle East while also comparing the usage. According to Wehrey (2010), the Middle East region remains to be one of the most cultural and the political intricate regions through the entire world. The Middle East region operates with three religions, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, whereby all of them trace their origins to the Middle East. Through the presence of rich and diversified cultural history, the Middle East region of today is struggling to find a balance between the â€Å"western† culture and modernization. Most of the influence comes from United States media and the other from European media, with the traditional and religious values of the Middle East region. In some part, due to the struggle and the existent region’s diversity, the media is occupying a special place in the Middle Easter society and its related politics. Bennett & Paletz (1994) also present their views that the media influences all works of life and exercise a profound and an incalculable influence. Coverage on some significant issues such as the Palestinian-Israeli conflict is an area that occupies the center stage of the media, with the dissatisfaction fed by the media retaining the capacity of spilling out into the street. It is apparent that

Scientific method of colors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Scientific method of colors - Essay Example It is interesting to know that the human mind is closely associated to colors. In fact colors have an effect on human behavior as well which is termed as color psychology. Colors have negative effects Studies have confirmed that certain color such as red is highly distractive and arousal in nature and can cause avoidance behavior is people whereas people tend to feel drowsy and sleepy when associated with the color blue (Jalil et al, 2012, p59). It is not only the emotional mind which is affected by colors but color also affect ones memory as well. Studies have shown that both consistency of colors and the right color combination helps in enhancing memory (Dzulkifli and Mustafar, 2013, p.3) Color is also associated with the mood of a person. An angry person would show more preference to colors such as orange or red while a calm person would prefer blue or green. Thus color coding for products or advertisements is often used by marketing strategists to allure consumers. Procedia-Social and Behavorial sciences, 2012,35:54-62. Retrieved from http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1877042812003746/1-s2.0-S1877042812003746-main.pdf?_tid=3b696f3e-582e-11e4-8f22-00000aacb35e&acdnat=1413791811_90d18bbb7bf2382abfcd1578c3788340 on 19 October,

Compare and contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 15

Compare and contrast - Essay Example These policies try to block expansion of the Soviet Power and expose falsities of it and to induce a retraction of Kremlins control and foster seeds of destruction in the Soviet System. These policies give power to US where it has military strength. Containment policy maintains strong military power that guarantees the national security and conduct of the policy of containment.2 The link suggests that the policies of containment is not implemented properly It has made the country to be in diplomatic impasse with the Soviet Union. The US states that they have the capabilities in economic and military fields and the political and psychological fields. The citizens of US believe that with the principle of freedom, importance of the individual and tolerance and are more vital than the ideology of the Soviet dynamism.3 It analyzes that the American democracy has a degree of unity where the society is cohesive than the Soviet system that is created through force, favor and fear. This means that chances of revolution are less than in the Soviet system. This creates potential for force in international relations where the tolerance for a world outlook has enormous influence. The second link The Charge in the Soviet Union (Kennan) to the Secretary of State talk about that how the Cold War disrupted the global affairs and divided the 20th-century history.4 It states that Soviet Socialist Realism is disconnected from dominant narratives and discredited by Soviet systems. It is deemed to have represented the cultural context at the place of time. It therefore functioned as a state apparatus that responded to political and historical realities that guide military and economic initiatives in the Soviet Union. Kennan’s long-term article written in 1946 gave an incisive annalistic of the Soviet outlooks where it gave the convictions of the Soviet Union ideology of its policy. The Soviet Socialist Realism related first, with

Chromium and Selenium Concentration in Cancer

Chromium and Selenium Concentration in Cancer The ratio between chromium and selenium concentration among various age groups of cancer group has also been studied and it shown in table 5.48, and it has been observed that all groups of cancer patients present somewhat similar ratio of chromium and selenium concentration in their blood. Moreover, the concentration balance of chromium and selenium has conspicuously been disturbed as it illustrated in table 5.49. For instance, the breast cancer mortalities in various countries were studied and ascertained a direct correlation with the estimated dietary intake of zinc, chromium and cadmium and inversely proportional to the concentration of selenium (238). The summary of stage wise distribution for chromium and selenium has been illustrated in Table 5.50 and it observed that all four stages of cancer patients present a sort of consistency in chromium and selenium proportion in the blood of cancer patients as shown in Table 5.51. In view of this fact, it may be elucidated that the demarcation among various stages of cancer is arbitrary division and this periphery does not present any association of stages with the distribution-ratio of chromium and selenium in the blood of cancer patients. However, the reduction of 0.064 Â µg ml-1 of selenium concentration in the blood of cancer patients corresponds to more than 52 % decrease as compared to the selenium level in the blood of control group. These variations in concentration may be the result of the disease of cancer however the type of cancer does not influence the levels of selenium in the blood of cancer patients. However, the significant decrease in selenium concentration in whole blood and plasma has been observed in another study where the tannery workers were exposed to chromium compounds and have shown a considerably lower selenium concentration in their blood and they excreted lower amount of selenium in their urine as compared to the worker those were not exposed to the chromium. It may confirm the point of view that chromium and selenium have some kind of interaction and biological selenides are formed with chromium and in due course of time they accumulate in some organs. It was also demonstrated that the tannery workers who were exposed to air with high concentrations of chromium compounds at their workplace exhibited significantly higher erythrocyte and plasma GSH-Px activity than workers of other departments (239). Therefore, higher level of selenium stipulates the main function of selenium is to induce and maintain the enzyme glutathione peroxidase, which prevents cellular damage by catabolizing organic peroxides (240) The enzyme, SeGSH-Px, catalyzes the oxidation-reduction reaction between reduced glutathione and peroxide. Therefore, the pathological lesions lured with selenium deficiency are considered to be caused by peroxidative damage that is the product of depressed SeGSH-Px activity (241-242). However, once chromium absorbed and retained in biological tissue chromium compounds occur as chromium (III). Glutathione and cysteine seem to be the most important cofactors for the intracellular reduction of chromium (VI) (243). The absorption of metal in the human body is a complex process and depends on various factors including dietary components. About 40% of ingested metal is absorbed in the small intestine (244). Furthermore, a variety of neurodegnerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Creutzfeldt-Jakob, and neuronal damage caused by stroke and ischemia may be associated with pathological disruption of metal trafficking (245-247). Chromium is potentially toxic and carcinogenic at higher doses. All chromates that exhibit oxidation state (VI) can aggressively enter the cell through channels that are specified for the transfer of isoelectric and isostructural anions, such as SO4-2 and PO4-2. However, the insoluble chromates are engrossed by cells through phagocytosis. As soon as the chromates get inside the cell they are competent enough to generate free radicals immediately. Yet, in the presence of cellular reductants the chromium inside the cell can cause a broad series of DNA lesions such as DNA- protein crosslink, Cr-DNA adducts, DNA-DNA cross links, and oxidative damages. The glutathione quickly reacts with chromium (VI) and forms a complex and generate chromium (V) and chromium (III) through slow reduction of chromium (VI) inside the cell. The chromium (V) and chromium (III) species exhibit the tendency to alter the DNA conformation. The reduction of chromium (VI) can be commenced through GSH, or in the pre sence of other reducing agents. The chromium (V) and chromium (III) can react with H2O2 through Fenton reaction and produce hydroxyl radical (OH) that has the potential to damage DNA. There are evidents that interacellular reduction of chromium (VI) results in extensive formation of Cr-DNA adducts, among which chromium (III) – mediated DNA cross-link of glutathione, cysteine, histidine and ascorbate represent an important group of DNA modifications. Therefore, Cr- DNA adducts are responsible for both the mutagenicity and genotoxicity of chromium. The chromium (VI) is considered as carcinogen for lungs cancer for human (248). Numerous epidemiological studies have been performed for more than 100 years on workers exposed to chromium in order to determine its level of carcinogenicity. Altogether, these studies indicate that exposed individuals have approximately 2- 80 fold increased relative risk of developing lungs cancer (226). On the other hand, an inverse association between serum selenium level and cancer risk is biologically possible. The results of the study indicated that the treatment with selenium improved GPx levels. GPx detoxifies H2O2by reducing it to water. It also protects cytosolic organelles from oxidative damage by preventing lipid peroxidation. Selenium could reduce oxidative stress through antioxidant selenoproteins such as glutathione peroxidase, selenoprotein P, and thioredoxin reductase. (249-250). There are numerous promising possibilities that may be presented as an account for the observed variations for selenium in whole blood levels associated with malignant disease, as compared to healthy and control group (251). It includes chemotherapeutic-induce necrosis, which could release selenium from tissues into the circulation, preferential sequestration by tumor cells (252-253) and alteration of properties of proteins, especially enzymes, at elevated concentration of selenium in tissues (254-255). Furthermore, the possibility of depression in activities of specific enzymes with loss of vital enzyme activity, and impaired tissue function resulting from a selenium-deficient state (256). The depletion of selenium in the blood of cancer patients may suggest its reciprocal accumulation in the malignant tissues in view of the studies (257-261) who have reported higher concentration of selenium in the cancerous and neighboring tissues cells. Availability of excessive selenium in the cancerous cells may be expected to facilitate the synthesis of selenoproteins e.g. Trx, TrxR etc. which are known to provide protection to the tissue cells against the oxidative stress, carcinogens, and help to reduce cancerous cell growth. The results of recent studies (262-264) regarding the diversified multiple functions of selenoproteins has generated tremendous interest in the understanding and elucidation of mechanisms that triggers the role of these proteins from anti-apoptosis in the normal cells to pro-apoptosis in malignant cells. There are numerous studies (265-267), who have proposed different mechanisms to explain the inhibiting effect of selenium on malignant neoplasm; for examp le modulation of cellular division rate, decrease in formation of carcinogenic metabolites or cellular protection by an antioxidant system. It is generally believed that due to the anti oxidative characteristics of selenoproteins, these proteins can protect the cells and DNA from oxidative damage; in addition, these proteins can react with carcinogens directly to save cells and DNA from their lethal actions. It has been suggested (263), that nitrative inactivation of Trx plays a proapoptotic role if the reactive nitrogen species are increased; and antinitrating treatment may have therapeutic value in those diseases, such as myocardial ischemia/ reperfusion, in which pathological apoptosis is increased. The situation is reversed in malignant tissue cells where apoptosis is beneficial for the inhibition of the cell growth. Therefore, in view of the aforementioned studies, it is possible that the pathological conditions in which production of nitrogen species is increased that may favo r the inactivation of Trx and therefore enhance the apoptotic role of this selenoprotein. A kinetic study of the reaction of NO and O2 in aqueous solutions, based on pH indicator, has been performed by using stopped-flow spectrometry. The results of these studies have shown that at physiological concentrations of O2 and NO, the auto- oxidation of NO does not limit its diffusion from the site of production in endothelial cells to a spatially removed target molecule such as guanylate cyclase in myocytes and platelets. A Trx interacting protein Txnip has been reported (31), which inhibit the antiapoptotic activity of Trx where as NO suppresses the expression of Trxnip and enhances the Trx activity, therefore perhaps the oxidative character of Trx in malignant cells as reported in the above mentioned studies may well be interpreted as the inhibition of its antioxidant activity. In different studies (267-268) it has been suggested on the basis of their results that selenite induces apopt osis by producing superoxide ions which activate p53, a well known protein involved in carcinogenesis, which in turn support apoptosis. A key role has been assigned (269), to Trx-2, located in mitochondria, in interaction with electron transport chain, determining tumor necrosis ROS generation, NF- kB activation and apoptosis. Intestines are the main sits where selenium absorption is measured at maximum. In liver selenium joins many other amino acids and generate selenocysteine and selenoproteins. Selenoproteins consist of active form of selenium and are transferred to all over the body. Kidney and liver, however, have higher concentration of selenoproteins. It is reported that a small quantity of selenoproteins are also exist in blood and serum. Furthermore, being a part of selenoproteins the selenium is an essential part of glutathione peroxidae as well that is the reason selenium is believed to be an antioxidant (36). Glutathione plays a role of a protector in the body of an organism and ensnare the balance of free radicals, peroxides and preserves the redox status of the cell (270). In addition, glutathione perxidase provides defense mechanism against free radicals that may cause destruction of cell membrane. The free radicals are generated when hydrogen peroxide produced in the mitochondria of the cell during the regular metabolism. The stress is a foremost cause of excessive production of hydrogen peroxide that sequentially create a disproportion in free radicals inside the cells. Chemical structure of cell membrane comes under the attack of free radicals and gives away their loosely bounded electrons to the free radicals. Consequently, a chemical structure of cell membrane turns into a reactive entity and begins to instigate an electron from adjacent structure and this chain reaction serves to damage the cell membrane causing the cell to die. Proactive role as a safeguard of glutathione peroxidase quickly transform hydrogen peroxide into water a way before it could generate harmful reactive species called free radicals. Another study highlights defense mechanism of vitamin E in which glutathione peroxidase and vitamin E follow a similar pathway in order to discontinue the chain reaction by engaging the free radicals within the cell membrane. Therefore, it is an effective combination of selenium and vitamin E that can control the production of free radicals and prevent the damage of cell membranes as well as DNA and other cellular structures (270).

The Power Struggle between the President and Congress Essay -- Papers

The Power Struggle between the President and Congress From the inception of the Constitution, there has always been a power struggle between the President and Congress. In the beginning, Madison and the Jeffersonians were placed in a gridlock with Hamilton and his school of political philosophy. Andrew Jackson fought to extend the powers of the President, then Congress spent 50 years fighting to repeal the powers of the Executive. Abraham Lincoln refined Jacksonian presidential politics, then Congress impeached his successor, Andrew Johnson, for fear of another quasi -- tyrannical President. Even today, a Congress, whose majority is of the same party as the President, fights 24 hours a day to check the power of President George W. Bush. But why, and how? Inherent Power Struggles Within the Constitution: Article I, Section I -- "All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and a House of Representatives" VS. Article II, Section I -- "The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America" Article II, Section II -- "The President shall be the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several states, when called into the actual service of the United States" - The Founders' ambiguous and contradicting language sets the stage for a power struggle between the Executive and the Legislative branches - Being that the Founders were political masterminds, they realized that unique circumstances would demand some deviations from the restraints that the Constitution places on both the Executive and the Legislature - Founders anticipated that during times of crisis', the nation would need ... ... in office and how the congress will act toward the President; whether he be a President that demands respect or one who forfeits it and whether the Congress gives in to the demands of the Executive or if the Congress comes down on t he Executive like a hammer on a nail. This can be accomplished by viewing the circumstances in which a President takes office, the manner in which he carries himself during his term, and the way in which the President leaves as Commander in Chief. Conclusion: The President has neither gained nor lost power. There exists the same balance between Executive and Congress as there was when Washington was sworn in as America's first President. The only difference between then and now, is the fact that today we must wade through the layers of insignificance and precedents that history has forged against us, the political thinker and historian.

A Book Report on Socrates Café by Christopher Phillips Essay

This seeks to write a book report for the book Socrates Cafe by Christopher Phillips. This paper discusses the author’s declared purpose in writing the book in relations to what Socrates may have left as legacy in latter’s works. The dilemma of believing what may not be the truth. We live as we believe as they say. If Socrates is alive today, he would have asked: â€Å"Do we voluntarily have convictions or could they be imposed upon us? How do we acquire the things the we ultimately believed? † Convictions lead us to action because we believe what we are doing. Without conviction it is really hard, to move into action. Seel Jr. , shared to us the same dilemma when he said, â€Å"There is a danger in both Christian families and Christian schools that indoctrination is taken for education. Nothing could be farther from the truth. One’s convictions cannot be coerced. Instead, they are ultimately based on what we love and best learned in an environment of trust. Too often family dinner tables, Sunday schools, and Christian school classrooms are only one-way conversations—telling at the expense of listening. See more:  First Poem for You Essay As such, many Christians have never learned the intellectual discipline of asking questions. † We are however not left without any option. We can ask questions. Seel, Jr. agreed, saying â€Å"Yet an educated mind begins with a questioning mind. One of the distinctive of the school where I teach is its commitment to allow students the freedom to express their uncertainty. The policy manual reads, â€Å"Students are treated as young adults and are encouraged to develop their own convictions. This will inevitably mean that at times students may challenge their parents’ beliefs and question their own. The school seeks to create an environment where students are able to respectfully raise honest questions and express doubts within a community of loving acceptance and intellectual inquiry. † The importance of book of Phillips on Socratic Cafe assumes a remarkable significance with our dilemma. The author aims to bring back questioning in the minds of many. Seel, Jr. confirmed this when he said, â€Å"His aim is to bring probing conversations about the important questions to common people. † Do we really need to seek the truth? How do we seek the truth? We should be searching the truth. In the inventions, that we make we discover the truth of many things. We adopt decisions in our courts because that is how we see the law at a certain point in time but we also change jurisprudence in the light of evolution of events. Without the desire for truth man would have remained ignorant that the earth is flat and not round or that the earth is the center of the universe. Our discoveries reveal our desire for truth. For greater purpose we seek the truth as in the way court cases are decided, thus truth is a requisite of justice. Indeed, Seel, Jr. aid, â€Å"Our community is committed to the pursuit of truth. Convictions are to be held and beliefs maintained on this basis alone. There are obviously many reasons why a person becomes a Christian. We all have our stories. But ultimately, Christianity is to be believed because it is true. It is True Truth, as Francis Schaeffer used to say. More than true for me; rather the truth of reality. But to recognize this, one must first learn to ask honest questions. † Seel, Jr. further said that â€Å"The Socratic Method is a powerful tool for sharpening our thinking and exposing what we don’t know. It is a powerful pedagogical tool but a disastrous epistemological one. † Phillips has the right to make use of the title of his book are he is believed to have hosted Socratic dialogues and has traveled the country holding various and numerous conversations in coffee houses, bookstores, senior centers, elementary schools and even prisons. † Seel, Jr. agreed saying, â€Å"The greatest danger of truth is not falsehood, but diversion and indifference. †¦.. Humility is beginning of wisdom. † Without searching for the truth we will always be mislead and continue to live in ignorance. The reason why we rarely ask why  Our not asking why seemed to have been conditioned with our environment. Thus, Seel, Jr. agreed saying, and â€Å"Our convictions are too often based on social conformity rather than personal reflection. We say we are concerned about truth. But we do not pay the dues truth demands. † Given the benefits, what are examples of questions asked by Phillip under Socratic Method? Christopher Phillips asks in the Socrates Cafes: What are the Big Questions and what makes them so? What is a question? What would life be like without questions? Why am I here? What is home? Where am I stuck? What is a friend? What is wonder? What is silence? What is old? Am I asking the right questions? What am I meant to do? What is love? What is what? Why ask why? Socrates claimed that an unexamined life was not worth living. If we live without consideration of its destination, and whether the road traveled will get us there, then we are fools and not wise. Or as Jesus asks, â€Å"What good will it be for a man if he gains the whole world, yet forfeits his soul? † It must be noted that the questions are interconnected with one another so that the answer to one question would lead to more truth in answering the following questions. Would not asking too much a sign of presumptive superiority of the person asking that could discourage relations with the person or persons asked? This is where Socrates have made the Socratic Method unique and worth memorable from the lessons he has to left his fellowmen. Seel, Jr. mentioned them as follows: First, Socrates always showed his opponents deference. By putting himself in the position of the learner rather than the teacher, he avoided raising in his opponent feelings of suspicion or defensiveness. The second lesson of Socratic argument is: Encourage your opponent to make the argument his or her own. The third lesson of Socrates is: Seek a shared higher standard. However, Seel, Jr. noted that on the third criterion, Phillips failed on this area. Arguing, Seel, Jr. said, â€Å"In the hands of Phillips, â€Å"The Socratic method is a way to seek truth by your own lights. † For Phillips the questions are the end not the means to an end. † The argument of Seel, Jr. claiming failure of Phillips could be contradicted and explained under which this paper qualifies Phillips work to have pass under the third criteria. Phillips, said, â€Å"The one thing Socrates know beyond a shadow of a doubt, he was fond of saying, was that he didn’t know anything beyond a shadow of a doubt. Yet Socrates, contrary to what many think, did not try to pose the ultimate sceptic. He was not trying to say all the knowledge was groundless, that we were doomed to know nothing. Rather, he was emphasizing that what he had come to know, the truths he had discovered by hard-won experience, were slippery, elusive, always tentative at best ,always subject to new developments, new information, new alternatives. Every last bit of knowledge, every assumption, Socrates felt, should always be questioned, analyzed, challenged. Nothing was ever resolved once and for all. The fact that question leads to further question does necessarily not mean â€Å"ending with the question† but rather the truth that is revealed by every question leads to further truth. The Author reemphasizing the impossibility of exhausting all the questions In trying to explain his work, â€Å"socratising† is almost obvious in many part of the book. Thus, Phillips said, â€Å"It is with this that I launched Socrates Cafe. And the one and only firm and lasting truth that has emerged from all the Socrates Cafe, discussion. I’ve taken part in is that it is not possible to examine, scrutinize, plumb, and mine a question too thoroughly and exhaustively. There is always more to discover. This is the essence of magic, of what I have come to call ‘Socratising’† He further said, â€Å"Socrates Cafe does not have to be held in cafe. It can take place anywhere a group of people- or a group of one –chooses to gather an inquire philosophically. It can take place around a dining table, in a church or a community centre, on a mountaintop, in a nursing home, a hospital, senior centre, a school, a prison. † As long as man lives, he will continue to ask question whether inside or outside his religion. He must be fortunate to have freedom to Socratic Method, anytime and in any where. This is clearly expressed by author saying, â€Å"Anywhere and anytime you desire to do more than regurgitate and nauseam what you read or think you have read, about philosophers of the past who are considered by academics to the undisputed exclusive members of the philosophical pantheon. It can take place anywhere people want to do philosophy, to inquire philosophically, themselves, whether with a group of people or alone. † Conclusion: Socratic Cafe is a powerful book in making Socrates alive in the heart and mind of people of believe in Socratic Method. In indeed seldom any kind of TV talk shows is made a success without the artful way of asking questions. Any good research must have a research questions. If many good inventions started with research and if research seeks to address to a research question it could categorically be said that questions will always be there. Questioning stops if the truth is found, but who could claim to have found the truth. Hence the message of Socrates Cafe will always leave something practical if not profound knowledge and realizations for people seeking the truth to subject their works to further questions, This would be good for such is also is the reality that a man travels in this travel to seek perfection in his ways or in trying to know his God from inside and outside on himself. One could not escape the relevance of the Socratic way of teaching or learning as it could be applied by group or individually, anywhere and anytime.

consequences of the Mongol inv essays

consequences of the Mongol inv essays What were the consequences of the Mongol invasion on Kievan Russia? The question about the consequences of the Mongol invasion is considered one of the most difficult in the history of Russia. Definitely, they had a great impact on demographics, agriculture, social, political and cultural development of the territories. Generally speaking, the influence of 200-year-long yoke was negative. It brought wholesale devastation and massacre to Russia. (Nicholas V. Riasanovsky, A History of Russia, 20) For instance, a Mongol chronicle states that Batu and his lieutenants destroyed the towns of the Russians and killed or captured all their inhabitants. As a result the serious diminish of the population acured after. Those people, who survived the tatar raids, in order to avoid the new routs, had to escape to the more secure territories- West and North-West of Volgo-Ocksk Mezhdureche. (Phroyanov, The History of Russia from Ancient Times Until Beginning of the XXc.) All these people didnt have any lands and were unable to pay dan. So they had to ask for help the gentry. As a result of it, slowly but surly the number of dependent feudal farmers increased. At the same time the standing of the gentry, especially the princes, changed. If before they received most of their profits from dan, kormlenie, and pol ude, now they cant use them anymore, everything must be given to Hord. Therefore, the only way for them to survive was to change their orientation to agriculture. That what actually happened: the huge increase in the number of large private land estates took place in the end of the XIII-XIVcc. The role of prince in the political sphere also increased. During the time of Kievan Russia, the Prince depended upon veche, which could even exile him. However, now they came to the cities with yarlick, or even with khans troops, which implies their increasing power. The imp...

Gilgamesh †The Quest for Immortality

Gilgamesh – The Quest for Immortality Free Online Research Papers The Epic of Gilgamesh provides an account of a leaders relationship between his subjects, his friend, the gods, and himself. Through the relationships, Gilgamesh sets out on a quest to find immortality and ends up finding much greater virtues, which are respect and the understanding that although he himself is not immortal, civilization is. In the beginning Gilgamesh ruled as a tyrannical leader, which was self-seeking and extremely oppressive over his subjects in his kingdom of Uruk. He was a cruel leader whose strength was feared and he forced labor upon his people in order to expand his kingdom. â€Å"He walks around in the enclosure of Uruk, like a wild bull he makes himself mighty, head-raised (over others). There is no rival who can raise his weapon against him. His fellows stand (at the alert), attentive to his (orders?), and the men of Uruk become anxious in†¦Ã¢â‚¬  It is clear that through this epic story, in the beginning Gilgamesh is a man who is self-centered and is focused on what is in the best interest of him and his place in the universe. This way of leading as a tyrant shows the disrespect he has toward his people and the naive mindset he holds on what is important in terms of his role as a leader. He truly does what he wants, when he wants, including raping women, which is consequently why his people dislike his way of rule. Through their cries, the gods created Enkidu, an influential character in the book, who is threatening to Gilgamesh due to his similar stature and presence. Enkidu is vital to Gilgameshs transformation from his old practices as a tyrant to his new outlook on what is important in a leader and what is ideal for the well being of his subjects. Enkidu was created as a threat and adversary to Gilgamesh, who in the end, unknowingly, became his strength and motivational muse to seek a deeper understanding of his life, as well as what is important for his kingdom and his people. Gilgamesh and Enkidu were equal in strength and stature, but Gilgamesh represented civilization, while Enkidu represents nature. Although opposite, these two compliment each other through bringing out a deeper understanding of themselves and the world around them. This is the first time in both of their lives that they have a companion that is worthy and capable of affecting them in a way that not only changes their outlook on life, but that they can push each other to new heights both physically and mentally. â€Å"Now you are afraid of death-what has become of your bold strength? I will go in front of you, and your mouth can call out: `Go on closer, do not be afraid!†¦You were born and raised in the wilderness, a lion leaped up on you, so you have experienced it all! I will undertake it and I will cut down the Cedar. It is I who will establish fame for eternity! Come, my friend, I will go over to the forge and cast the weapons in our presence!† Through this it is clear that the two have a serious impact on each other and for the first time push for each to step outside their boundaries to accomplish something that neither has achieved before. This is important because this is the start of the events that lead Gilgamesh to the realization that there is more his life then his tyrannical rule. Although he is still far from his total progression through the story, it is clear that Enkidu has a serious effect on his journey and moral growth as a person and as a leader. After the successful slaying of Humbaba, the guardian of the cedar forest, the chief gods decide that, because of their actions Enkidu must die. This is crucial to the development of Gilgamesh due to the fact that he as never felt loss before, which is an emotion that is critical in the successful ruling of a monarchy. â€Å"Enlil said: `Let Enkidu die, but Gilgamesh must not die!His tears flowing like canals, he (Gilgamesh) said: `Oh brother, dear brother, why are they absolving me instead of my brother? Then (Enkidu said:) `So now must I become a ghost, to sit with the ghosts of the dead, to see my dear brother never more?† Gilgamesh is broken over this thought of the loss of his friend as well as the idea that he too someday will die. This thought of death and the death of Enkidu is the catalyst that forces him to seek eternal life. What is so important about this part in the story is that for the first time you see Gilgamesh thinking about his surroundings and a very sensitive and humbling issue of death. Utnapishtim is the person that Gilgamesh looks for to find the answers of how to obtain eternal life. Gilgamesh hopes that Utnapishtim will have some insight into how he too can obtain eternal life so as to escape the pain and suffering that he has felt through the death of Enkidu. The story of the flood, which is how Utnapishtim received his immortality from the gods, shows the idea that although men will die; humankind lives on, which is exactly what Gilgamesh’s whole overall enlightenment is about. Through this journey it is clear that even now in the search for eternal life Gilgamesh has s lowly evolved from a self-centered cruel leader, who is more involved with himself then that of the lives of the civilization he rules over. Upon returning home to Uruk, Gilgamesh, although, empty-handed, has gain so much more not only as a person but also as a leader. What is clear about his journey overall is that he has come to terms with his mortality and has been shown and understands exactly what is important in life and that is humankind. He is enlightened to the fact that although one man like himself can be very powerful and god like, that he himself will not live on, yet his civilization will through the people. This shows him the importance of his people who up until this point he has not only neglected but he has also been cruel and unjust to, due to his self-indulging qualities. On return he sees his city in a new light, which shows the idea that a leader, through developing a more moral basis, can change from a tyrant to a person who is ruling in the interest of not only his people, but also the idea that he wants his people to live on and prosper generations and generations after death. This idea of, for th e greater good, is a very important lesson that Gilgamesh learns and needs if he is to run his kingdom as a monarchy. This whole story is based around the fact that one man through his own development and the development of his moral structure can turn his rule from that of a tyranny to that of a monarchy where he is truly in touch with his people, their wants and needs, as well as the overall importance of man as a whole as apposed to the individual. Through this story of Gilgamesh it is clear that a tyranny can, in fact, be changed to a monarchy based on the developing inner-morality of its leader. This story of Gilgamesh has been passed down since the time of Mesopotamia and holds great value to the ideals and needs of a civilization of that time. It is important to realize the meaning of self-worth versus the greater good. Through the relationship between Gilgamesh and Enkidu and understanding of the needs of ones people, Gilgamesh ends up finding great virtues, which are respect and the understanding that although he himself is not immortal, civilization is. What is clear about this story and its lessons is that a tyranny is not going to change for no reason, due to the leader being too engulfed in their own self worth and interest. The way in which it does change however is through the development of a leaders morality and the importance that leader puts on the peoples’ lives and the push towards the great good for th e civilization. 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4 questions that need to be answered separately. in one paragraph each Assignment

4 questions that need to be answered separately. in one paragraph each - Assignment Example This argument works through a halo effect, which is a human cognitive bias. Today ad hominem exists as- Abusive, guilt of association, ad feminam, tu quoque and circumstantial just like utilitarianism (Blavatsky 1977 pg.77). One strategy of rebutting evidence is denying the truth in the data. This is the process where testimonies are presented to show or cast doubts in the sufficiency’s of given examples, this makes truth be denied in its own very eyes. Secondly, citing counterexamples and counter testimony also rebuts evidence, here contrary information is provided against the ones already there, and they appear to be true. Thirdly, credibility of authority should be questioned; through the principle of charity, opposing views are summarized to invoke credibility. Lastly, casting doubt on the representativeness and sufficiency of examples; this is applied incase examples are given since they may not be true hence should be interrogated well before accepting them (Blavatsky 1977 pg.197). An example of a categorical evaluation of an argument is A is a good B or A is not a good B. an example of an ethical evaluation of an argument is A is right or A is wrong. These examples explain how judgments will be supported arguments as being bad, good, or important/unimportant (Blavatsky 1977

Nutrition to prevent weight loss in stroke patients Essay

Nutrition to prevent weight loss in stroke patients - Essay Example Some cases will allow for the simple determination of nutritional ingredients. Many others are not as easy to deal with. In this essay, an attempt to present corresponding solutions to meet nutritional requirements will be done given the most common scenarios of stroke patients facing the risk of losing weight. Aside from the simple case, the following other situations will be considered: (1) stroke patients with poor appetite due to a damaged ability to chew and swallow normally; (2) poor taste and smell; (3) emotional issues preventing normal food intake; (4) the need for lifestyle change; and (5) stroke patients with chronic conditions. The purpose of including all these is to provide a ready set of guidelines for use when any of these situations are encountered. This essay is taken from the viewpoint of Nurses, Caregivers, and Nutritionists. A Case of Recovery from Stroke Without Complications: Determine Nutritional Requirements. There should be a periodic attempt to determine the stroke patient’s energy requirements in order to achieve a desirable weight. Of course, this is aside from taking BP before and after meals, and whenever there is a need to do so. Knowing the energy requirements will reveal how much calories are needed. Freda Myco (1983, p. 94) noted that â€Å"the energy needs of stroke patients†¦should be assessed in relation to body weight, body build, age, sex, health status, and physical activity levels.† For those who are normal, energy requirements would be about 2000 kcals/24 hours for men and 1,800 kcals/24 hours for women.... Knowing the energy requirements will reveal how much calories are needed. Freda Myco (1983, p. 94) noted that â€Å"the energy needs of stroke patients†¦should be assessed in relation to body weight, body build, age, sex, health status, and physical activity levels.† For those who are normal, energy requirements would be about 2000 kcals/24 hours for men and 1,800 kcals/24 hours for women. A stroke patient should take the right amount of calories to maintain weight. The consequence of too much calories will be weight gain, while lack of calories will turn the patient into a malnourished person with lack of energy to exercise. Since the topic of this paper is about nutrition to prevent weight loss of stroke patients, it should be worth mentioning that Freda Myco (1983, p.95) also clarified that â€Å"Malnutrition is not caused by simply taking too few calories, rather it is the result of a deficiency in the correct mixture of food constituents, vitamins, and minerals.â₠¬  Basic Rules For A Lean, Healthy Body What stroke patients will need is a good eating habit of the right diet containing adequate calories without the unwanted cholesterol. At Body Art, Tanya Lee Sheehan recommends (2008, p. 11) that a person should eat just enough every 3 hours. And the recipe should be â€Å"more lean protein, veggies, fruit and nuts†. There is a reason for eating more often but with less quantity. It gives time for food to be digested first before a new set will need digestion. But her ideas are for people who can still exercise and burn the food they eat through exercises. In the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) of the UN, along with Ann Burgess, Peter Glasauer (2004, p.83), there is a guideline about â€Å"How to help sick